iindaba

Ngomhla we-10 ku-Epreli, ngo-2023, uMongameli wase-US uJoe Biden watyikitya umthetho oyilwayo ophelisa ngokusemthethweni i-COVID-19 “kaxakeka yesizwe” eUnited States. Kwinyanga enye kamva, i-COVID-19 ayiseyo "iNgxamiseko yezempilo yoluntu kwinkxalabo yeHlabathi." NgoSeptemba ka-2022, uBiden wathi "ubhubhani we-COVID-19 uphelile," kwaye ngaloo nyanga bengaphezulu kwe-10,000 yokusweleka okunxulumene ne-COVID-19 eUnited States. Kakade ke, asiyoUnited States yodwa ethetha ngolo hlobo. Amanye amazwe aseYurophu abhengeze ukuphela konxunguphalo lwe-COVID-19 ngo-2022, yashenxisa imiqobo, kwaye yalawula i-COVID-19 njengomkhuhlane. Sinokufunda ntoni kula mazwi embali?

Kwiinkulungwane ezintathu ezadlulayo, uKumkani uLouis XV waseFransi wakhupha umyalelo wokuba ubhubhani owawugquba kumazantsi eFransi uphelile (jonga umfanekiso). Kangangeenkulungwane, isibetho siye sabulala inani elimangalisayo labantu ehlabathini lonke. Ukususela ngowe-1720 ukusa kowe-1722, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabemi baseMarseille bafa. Eyona njongo yalo myalelo yayikukuvumela abarhwebi ukuba baphinde baqalise ishishini labo, yaye urhulumente wamema abantu ukuba babase imililo phambi kwamakhaya abo ukuze “babhiyozele esidlangalaleni” ukuphela kwesibetho. Ummiselo wawugcwele umsitho kunye nesimboli, kwaye wamisela umgangatho wezibhengezo kunye nemibhiyozo elandelayo yokuphela koqhambuko. Ikwanika ukukhanya okucacileyo kwingqiqo yezoqoqosho emva kwezo zibhengezo.

Isibhengezo sokubhengeza umlilo omkhulu eParis ukubhiyozela ukuphela kwesibetho eProvence, ngo-1723.

Kodwa ngaba lo myalelo wasiphelisa ngokwenene eso sibetho? Akunjalongo noko. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ubhubhani wobhubhani wawusaqhubeka, apho uAlexandre Yersin wafumanisa intsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yiYersinia pestis eHong Kong ngowe-1894. Iye yosulela abantu ngendlela ehlala ihleli kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni entshona yeUnited States kwaye ixhaphake kakhulu eAfrika naseAsia.

Ke asinakunceda kodwa sibuze: ingaba ubhubhane uya kuze uphele? Ukuba kunjalo, nini? Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ujonga uqhambuko njengoluphelile ukuba akukho matyala aqinisekisiweyo okanye akrokrelekayo axelwe kabini ixesha elide lokuqandusela kwentsholongwane. Isebenzisa le nkcazo, i-Uganda yabhengeza ukuphela kwe-Ebola yelizwe yamva nje yokuqhambuka kwe-Ebola nge-11 kaJanuwari 2023. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba ubhubhane (igama elisuka kumagama esiGrike athi pan [" all "] kunye needemos [" people "]) sisiganeko se-epidemiological kunye ne-sociopolitical esenzeka kwinqanaba lehlabathi, ukuphela kobhubhani, njengobhubhani, njengesiqalo, ubhubhani wezopolitiko, kodwa noqoqosho lwentlalo. izinto zokuziphatha. Ngenxa yemiceli mngeni ejongene nokuphelisa le ntsholongwane yobhubhane (kubandakanya ukungalingani kwezempilo, ukungavisisani kwehlabathi okuchaphazela intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuhamba kwabantu, ukuchasana nentsholongwane, kunye nomonakalo wendalo onokutshintsha ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana zasendle), uluntu luhlala lukhetha isicwangciso esineendleko eziphantsi zentlalo, ezopolitiko, nezoqoqosho. Isicwangciso sibandakanya ukuphatha ukusweleka njengento engenakuphepheka kumaqela athile abantu abaneemeko zentlalo nezoqoqosho ezimbi okanye iingxaki zempilo eziphantsi.

Ke, ubhubhane uphela xa uluntu luthatha indlela ebambekayo kwiindleko zentlalo nezoqoqosho kumanyathelo ezempilo yoluntu-ngamafutshane, xa uluntu lulungisa ukusweleka okuhambelanayo kunye namazinga okugula. Ezi nkqubo zikwafak’ isandla koko kwaziwa “njengokugquba” kwesi sifo (” umvandedwa “uvela kwigama lesiGrike elithi en ["ngaphakathi"] ​​kunye needemos), inkqubo ebandakanya ukunyamezela inani elithile losulelo. Izifo ezingapheliyo zidla ngokubangela ukuqhambuka kwezifo kuluntu, kodwa azikhokeli kumasebe angxamisekileyo.

Umkhuhlane ngumzekelo. Ubhubhani womkhuhlane we-1918 H1N1, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ngumkhuhlane waseSpain," wabulala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-50 ukuya kwi-100 kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya nabaqikelelwa kuma-675,000 e-United States. Kodwa uhlobo lomkhuhlane lwe-H1N1 aluzange lunyamalale, kodwa luqhubekile nokujikeleza ngeendlela ezingephi. Amaziko oLawulo noThintelo lweZifo (CDC) aqikelela ukuba abantu abangama-35,000 eUnited States baye babulawa ngumkhuhlane nyaka ngamnye kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Uluntu alunaso kuphela "isifo" esisifo (ngoku sisifo sexesha), kodwa kwakhona silungisa izinga lokufa kwawo ngonyaka kunye nezinga lokugula. Uluntu kwakhona luyiqhelanisa, oku kuthetha ukuba inani lokufa uluntu olunokuthi lunyamezele okanye luphendule luye lwaba yimvumelwano kwaye yakhelwe kwiindlela zokuziphatha zentlalo, inkcubeko kunye nempilo kunye nokulindelweyo, iindleko kunye neziseko zophuhliso lweziko.

Omnye umzekelo sisifo sephepha. Nangona enye yeenjongo zempilo kwiinjongo zoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo ze-UN kukuba "ukuphelisa i-TB" ngo-2030, kuya kuhlala kubonakala ukuba oku kuya kuphunyezwa njani ukuba ubuhlwempu obupheleleyo kunye nokungalingani okunzima kuqhubeka. I-TB ngubhubhane “ongumbulali othuleyo” kumazwe amaninzi anengeniso ephantsi – naphakathi, eqhutywa kukungabikho kwamayeza ayimfuneko, izixhobo zonyango ezingonelanga, ukungondleki kunye neemeko ezixineneyo zezindlu. Ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19, izinga lokusweleka kwe-TB linyuke okokuqala kwisithuba esingaphezulu kweshumi leminyaka.

Ikholera nayo sele igqugqisile. Ngo-1851, iziphumo zempilo zekholera kunye nokuphazamiseka kwayo kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwabangela ukuba abameli bamagunya obukhosi babize iNkomfa yokuqala yeZizwe ngezizwe yococeko eParis ukuze baxoxe ngendlela yokulawula isifo. Bavelisa imimiselo yokuqala yezempilo yehlabathi. Kodwa nangona intsholongwane ebangela ikholera iye yafunyaniswa kwaye unyango olulula ngokwentelekiso (kuquka ukubuyisela amanzi emanzini kunye namayeza okubulala iintsholongwane) luye lwafumaneka, isisongelo sempilo esivela kwikholera asizange siphele ngokwenene. Ehlabathini lonke, kukho i-1.3 ukuya kwi-4 yezigidi zeemeko zekholera kunye nama-21,000 ukuya kwi-143,000 yokufa okuhlobene nyaka ngamnye. Kwi-2017, i-Global Task Force kwi-Cholera Control yamisela i-roadmap yokuphelisa ikholera ngo-2030. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhambuka kwekholera kuye kwanda kwiminyaka yamuva nje kwiindawo ezinongquzulwano okanye ezihlwempuzekileyo emhlabeni jikelele.

I-HIV/AIDS mhlawumbi ngowona mzekelo ufanelekileyo wobhubhane wakutshanje. Kwi-2013, kwiNgqungquthela eKhethekileyo ye-African Union, eyayibanjelwe e-Abuja, eNigeria, amazwe angamalungu azibophelele ekuthatheni amanyathelo ekupheliseni i-HIV kunye ne-AIDS, i-malaria kunye nesifo sofuba ngo-2030. Ngo-2019, iSebe lezeMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu ngokufanayo libhengeze inyathelo lokuphelisa ubhubhani we-HIV e-United States ngo-2030, kukho ukusuleleka kwentsholongwane kaGawulayo kwi-2035 nganye. inxalenye enkulu ngokungalingani kwesakhiwo ekuxilongweni, kunyango, nasekuthinteleni, ngelixa ngo-2022, kuya kuba ne-630,000 yokufa okunxulumene ne-HIV kwihlabathi jikelele.

Ngelixa i-HIV/AIDS iseyingxaki yempilo yoluntu jikelele, ayisajongwa njengengxaki yezempilo yoluntu. Endaweni yoko, i-endmic kunye ne-routine nature ye-HIV / AIDS kunye nempumelelo yonyango lwe-antiretroviral iye yaguqula ibe sisifo esingapheliyo esilawulwayo kufuneka sikhuphisane nemithombo elinganiselweyo kunye nezinye iingxaki zempilo yehlabathi. Umbono wonxunguphalo, umba ophambili kunye nokungxamiseka okunxulumene nokufunyanwa kokuqala kwe-HIV ngo-1983 kuye kwehlile. Le nkqubo yezentlalo nezopolitiko iqhelekile ukubhubha kwamawakawaka abantu minyaka le.

Ukubhengeza ukuphela kobhubhane kuphawula inqaku apho ixabiso lobomi bomntu libe yinto eguquguqukayo - ngamanye amazwi, oorhulumente bathatha isigqibo sokuba iindleko zentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko zokusindisa ubomi zizodlula izibonelelo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isifo esingapheliyo sinokukhatshwa ngamathuba ezoqoqosho. Kukho iingqwalaselo zemarike yexesha elide kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho ezinokubakho ekuthinteleni, ekunyangeni nasekulawuleni izifo ezazisakuba zindyikityha zehlabathi. Umzekelo, imarike yehlabathi yamachiza e-HIV yayixabisa malunga ne-30 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2021 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba idlule kwi-45 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2028. Kwimeko yobhubhani we-COVID-19, "i-COVID ende," ngoku ebonwa njengomthwalo wezoqoqosho, inokuba yindawo elandelayo yokukhula koqoqosho kwishishini lamayeza.

Ezi ziganeko zembali zenza kucace ukuba into egqiba ukuphela kobhubhane ayisosibhengezo sobhubhane okanye nasiphi na isibhengezo sezopolitiko, kodwa kukwenziwa kwesiqhelo kokusweleka kunye nokugula ngokuqhubekayo kunye nokugqugqisa kwesi sifo, esithi kwimeko yobhubhani we-COVID-19 owaziwa ngokuba "uphila nentsholongwane". Okwenze ukuba lo bhubhani ufikelele esiphelweni ikwalukuzimisela kukarhulumente ukuba ingxaki yezempilo yoluntu enxulumeneyo ayisesisoyikiso kwimveliso yezoqoqosho yoluntu okanye kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ukuphelisa unxunguphalo lwe-COVID-19 ke yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yokumisela amandla anamandla ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, eenqobo ezisesikweni, kunye nenkcubeko, kwaye ayisosiphumo sovavanyo oluchanekileyo lweenyani ze-epidemiological okanye sisenzo nje esingumfuziselo.