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Ukusukela ngoFebruwari kulo nyaka, uMlawuli-Jikelele we-WHO uTedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus kunye noMlawuli weZiko leSizwe loLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo lwaseTshayina uWang Hesheng uthe “Isifo X” esibangelwa yipathogen engaziwayo kunzima ukusiphepha, kwaye kufuneka silungiselele kwaye siphendule ubhubhane obangelwa sisifo.

Okokuqala, intsebenziswano phakathi koluntu, amashishini abucala kunye namacandelo angenzi ngeniso ngundoqo wempendulo yobhubhani. Ngaphambi kokuba loo msebenzi uqalise, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka senze iinzame zangempela zokuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwangexesha kunye nokulinganayo kwihlabathi jikelele kubuchwepheshe, iindlela kunye neemveliso. Okwesibini, uluhlu lwezobuchwepheshe obutsha bokugonya, njenge-mRNA, i-plasmids ye-DNA, i-viral vectors kunye ne-nanoparticles, ibonakaliswe ukuba ikhuselekile kwaye iyasebenza. Ezi teknoloji beziphantsi kophando ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka engama-30, kodwa azizange zinikwe ilayisenisi ukuba zisetyenziswe ngabantu de kwaqhambuka iCovid-19. Ukongeza, isantya obusetyenziswa ngaso obu buchwepheshe bubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwakha iqonga lokugonya lokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwaye unokuphendula kuhlobo olutsha lwe-SARS-CoV-2 ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ubukho bolu luhlu lwetekhnoloji yogonyo olusebenzayo kwakhona kusinika isiseko esilungileyo sokuvelisa abaviwa besitofu sokugonya phambi kobhubhani olandelayo. Kufuneka sithathe amanyathelo okuphuhlisa amayeza okugonya anokubakho kuzo zonke iintsholongwane ezinobhubhane.

Okwesithathu, umbhobho wethu wonyango lwe-antiviral ulungiselelwe kakuhle ukuphendula isoyikiso sentsholongwane. Ngexesha lobhubhani we-Covid-19, unyango olusebenzayo lwe-antibody kunye namachiza asebenzayo aphuhliswa. Ukunciphisa ilahleko yobomi kubhubhani wexesha elizayo, kufuneka kwakhona sivelise unyango olubanzi lwe-antiviral ngokuchasene neentsholongwane ezinobhubhane. Ngokufanelekileyo, ezi zonyango kufuneka zibe kwiipilisi zokuphucula umthamo wokusabalalisa kwi-high-demand, i-low-resource Settings. Olu nyango kufuneka lufikeleleke lula, lunganyanzelwa licandelo labucala okanye imikhosi yelizwe.

Okwesine, ukuba nezitofu kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla akufani nokwenza ukuba zifumaneke ngokubanzi. Amalungiselelo okugonya, kubandakanywa imveliso kunye nokufikelela, kufuneka aphuculwe. I-Alliance for Innovative Pandemic Preparedness (CEPI) yintsebenziswano yehlabathi esungulwe ukunqanda ubhubhane wexesha elizayo, kodwa umzamo othe kratya kunye nenkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe iyafuneka ukwandisa impembelelo yayo. Ngelixa ulungiselela ezi teknoloji, ukuziphatha komntu kufuneka kufundwe ukuphakamisa ulwazi lokuthotyelwa kunye nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso zokuchasana nolwazi olungeyonyani.

Okokugqibela, isicelo esingaphezulu kunye nophando olusisiseko luyafuneka. Ngokuvela kolunye uhlobo olutsha lwe-SARS-CoV-2 olwahluke ngokupheleleyo kwi-antigen, ukusebenza kwezitofu ezahlukeneyo kunye namachiza onyango ebephuhliswe ngaphambili nako kuchaphazelekile. Ubuchule obahlukeneyo bube namanqanaba ahlukeneyo empumelelo, kodwa kunzima ukufumanisa ukuba intsholongwane elandelayo yobhubhane iya kuchatshazelwa zezi ndlela, okanye nokuba ubhubhane olandelayo uya kubangelwa yintsholongwane. Ngaphandle kokuba sikwazi ukubona kwangaphambili ikamva, kufuneka sityale kuphando olusetyenzisiweyo kubuchwepheshe obutsha ukuququzelela ukufunyanwa kunye nophuhliso lwamachiza amatsha kunye nogonyo. Kufuneka kwakhona sityale imali kakhulu kwaye kakhulu kuphando olusisiseko malunga nobhubhane-enokubakho kwiimicroorganisms, ukuvela kwentsholongwane kunye ne-antigenic drift, i-pathophysiology yezifo ezosulelayo, i-immunology yabantu, kunye nobudlelwane babo. Iindleko zala manyathelo zinkulu, kodwa zincinci xa zithelekiswa nefuthe le-Covid-19 kwimpilo yabantu (yomzimba nasengqondweni) kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi, kuqikelelwa ngaphezulu kwe-2 yeetriliyoni zeedola ngo-2020 kuphela.

Impembelelo enkulu yezempilo kunye nentlalo-qoqosho yentlekele ye-Covid-19 yalatha ngamandla imfuneko ebalulekileyo yothungelwano oluzinikeleyo oluzinikele ekuthinteleni ubhubhane. Uthungelwano luya kukwazi ukubona iintsholongwane ezisasazeka ukusuka kwizilwanyana zasendle ukuya kwimfuyo kunye nabantu ngaphambi kokuba ziphuhlise ukuqhambuka kwendawo, umzekelo, ukuthintela ubhubhane kunye nobhubhane kunye nemiphumo emibi. Ngelixa uthungelwano olusesikweni olunjalo lungazange lusekwe, ayisosenzo esitsha ngokupheleleyo. Endaweni yoko, iya kwakha kwimisebenzi ekhoyo yokubeka iliso kumacandelo amaninzi, izoba kwiisistim kunye nesakhono esele sisebenza. Ukulungelelaniswa ngokwamkelwa kweenkqubo ezisemgangathweni kunye nokwabelana ngedatha ukubonelela ngolwazi kuluhlu lwehlabathi.

Uthungelwano lugxile kwisampulu ecwangcisiweyo yezilwanyana zasendle, abantu kunye nemfuyo kwiindawo ezichongiweyo kwangaphambili, ukuphelisa imfuno yokujongwa kwentsholongwane kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokwenyani, iindlela zamva nje zokuxilonga ziyafuneka ukuze kufunyanwe iintsholongwane zokuchitheka kwangoko ngexesha lokwenyani, kunye nokufumanisa uninzi lweentsapho ezingundoqo ezinentsholongwane kwiisampulu, kunye nezinye iintsholongwane ezintsha ezivela kwizilwanyana zasendle. Kwangaxeshanye, iprotocol yehlabathi kunye nezixhobo zokuxhasa izigqibo ziyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iintsholongwane ezitsha ziyasuswa kubantu abosulelekileyo nakwizilwanyana nje ukuba zifunyenwe. Ngokobuchwephesha, le ndlela inokwenzeka ngenxa yophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweendlela ezininzi zokuxilonga kunye nesizukulwana esilandelayo se-DNA enokufikeleleka ngokulandelelana kwetekhnoloji eyenza ukuchongwa ngokukhawuleza kweentsholongwane ngaphandle kolwazi lwangaphambili lwepathogen ekujoliswe kuyo kunye nokubonelela ngeentlobo-ezithile / iziphumo ezithile zoxinzelelo.

Njengoko idatha entsha yemfuza kunye nemethadatha ehambelanayo kwiintsholongwane ze-zoonotic kwizilwanyana zasendle, ezibonelelwa ngeeprojekthi zokufunyanwa kwentsholongwane ezifana neProjekthi ye-Global Virome, ifakwe kwi-database yehlabathi jikelele, inethiwekhi yokucupha intsholongwane yehlabathi iya kusebenza ngakumbi ekufumaneni ukusasazwa kwentsholongwane ebantwini. Idatha iya kunceda kwakhona ukuphucula ii-reagents zokuxilonga kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ngokutsha, okufumaneka ngokubanzi, ukufumanisa i-pathogen engabizi kakhulu kunye nezixhobo zokulandelelana. Ezi ndlela zokuhlalutya, zidityaniswe nezixhobo ze-bioinformatics, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa (AI), kunye nedatha enkulu, ziya kunceda ekuphuculeni iimodeli eziguquguqukayo kunye nokuqikelelwa kosulelo kunye nokusasazeka ngokomeleza ngokuqhubekayo amandla eenkqubo zokucupha umhlaba ukuthintela ubhubhane.

Ukuseka uthungelwano lokubeka iliso olunjalo lujongene nemingeni enzima. Kukho imiceli mngeni yobugcisa neyolungiselelo ekuyileni isakhelo sesampulu sokucupha intsholongwane, ukuseka indlela yokwabelana ngolwazi malunga nokuchitheka okunqabileyo, ukuqeqesha abasebenzi abanezakhono, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba amacandelo oluntu kunye nezempilo yezilwanyana abonelela ngenkxaso yeziseko zophuhliso ekuqokeleleni isampulu yebhayoloji, uthutho, kunye novavanyo lwaselabhoratri. Kukho imfuneko yolawulo kunye nezikhokelo zowiso-mthetho ukujongana nemingeni yokusetyenzwa, ukubeka emgangathweni, ukuhlalutya, kunye nokwabelana ngezixa ezikhulu zedatha ye-multidimensional.

Uthungelwano lokucupha olusesikweni luza kufuneka kwakhona lube neenkqubo zalo zolawulo kunye namalungu emibutho yecandelo likarhulumente nelabucala, ngokufanayo ne-Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation. Kufuneka kwakhona ilungelelaniswe ngokupheleleyo kunye nee-arhente ze-UN ezikhoyo ezifana ne-World Food and Agriculture Organization/World Organization for Animal Health /wHO. Ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwexesha elide lothungelwano, izicwangciso zenkxaso-mali ezintsha ziyafuneka, ezinjengokudibanisa iminikelo, izibonelelo kunye neminikelo evela kumaziko enkxaso-mali, amaZwe angamalungu kunye necandelo labucala. Olu tyalo-mali kufuneka lunxulunyaniswe nenkuthazo, ngakumbi kuMzantsi wehlabathi, kubandakanywa utshintshiselwano lobuchwepheshe, uphuhliso lwezakhono, kunye nokwabelana ngokulinganayo ngolwazi ngeentsholongwane ezintsha ezifunyenwe ngeenkqubo zokucupha kwihlabathi jikelele.

Ngelixa iinkqubo zokucupha ezihlanganisiweyo zibalulekile, indlela enamacala amaninzi iyafuneka ekugqibeleni ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo zoonotic. Iinzame kufuneka zigxininise ekujonganeni noonobangela bosulelo, ukunciphisa izenzo eziyingozi, ukuphuculwa kweenkqubo zemveliso yemfuyo kunye nokuqinisa ukhuseleko lwendalo kwikhonkco lokutya kwezilwanyana. Kwangaxeshanye, uphuhliso lokuxilonga okutsha, izitofu zokugonya kunye nonyango kufuneka luqhubeke.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuthintela iziphumo zokuchitheka kwegazi ngokwamkela isicwangciso “sempilo enye” esinxulumanisa impilo yezilwanyana, yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga ne-60% yokuqhambuka kwezifo ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili ebantwini zibangelwa zizifo zendalo ze-zoonotic. Ngokulawula ngokungqongqo iimarike zorhwebo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho echasene norhwebo lwezilwanyana zasendle, inani labantu kunye nezilwanyana linokohlulwa ngokusebenzayo ngakumbi. Iinzame zolawulo lomhlaba ezinjengokuyeka ukugawulwa kwamahlathi azincedi nje kuphela indalo esingqongileyo, kodwa zikwadala iindawo ezisikhuselayo phakathi kwezilwanyana zasendle nabantu. Ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kweendlela zokulima ezizinzileyo kunye nobuntu kuya kuphelisa ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwizilwanyana ezifuywayo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-prophylactic antimicrobials, okukhokelela kwiinzuzo ezongezelelweyo ekukhuseleni ukuchasana kwe-antimicrobial.

Okwesibini, ukhuseleko lwebhubhoratri kufuneka luqiniswe ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokukhutshwa ngokungeyomfuneko kweentsholongwane eziyingozi. Iimfuno zolawulo kufuneka zibandakanye uphononongo lwengozi olujoliswe kwindawo ethile kunye nomsebenzi othile ukuze kuchongwe kwaye kuthotywe imingcipheko; Iiprothokholi ezingundoqo zothintelo kunye nolawulo losulelo; Noqeqesho malunga nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokufumana izixhobo zokuzikhusela. Imigangatho ekhoyo yamazwe ngamazwe yolawulo lomngcipheko webhayoloji kufuneka yamkelwe ngokubanzi.

Okwesithathu, izifundo ze-GOF-of-function (i-GOF) ezijoliswe ekucaciseni iimpawu ezigqithisayo okanye ze-pathogen ze-pathogens kufuneka zilawulwe ngokufanelekileyo ukunciphisa umngcipheko, ngelixa uqinisekisa ukuba uphando olubalulekileyo kunye nomsebenzi wophuhliso lwesitofu uyaqhubeka. Uphononongo olunjalo lwe-GOF lunokuvelisa ii-microorganisms ezinokubakho ubhubhane olukhulu, olunokuthi lukhutshwe ngokungazi okanye ngabom. Nangona kunjalo, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe akukavunyelwana malunga nokuba yeyiphi imisebenzi yophando eyingxaki okanye indlela yokunciphisa umngcipheko. Ngenxa yokuba uphando lwe-GOF luqhutywa kwiilebhu kwihlabathi jikelele, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuphuhlisa isakhelo samazwe ngamazwe.